STACK OVERFLOW
DEVELOPER SURVEY

Developer ecosystem snapshot · Annual · 2025 edition

Published March 27, 2026

49K+Respondents

177Countries

15Years running

The Stack Overflow Developer Survey is the largest annual study of the global developer community — 49,000+ responses across 177 countries in 2025, its fifteenth year. JavaScript leads for the 13th year running, but Python surged +7 points — the largest single-year jump — cementing its dominance in AI, data science, and back-end development. The AI story sharpened further: 84% of developers now use or plan to use AI tools (up from 76% in 2024), with 47% using them daily. ChatGPT and GitHub Copilot remain market leaders, but Claude Code and Google Gemini have broken into the top tier. Below: language popularity, framework usage, salary by role, work environment, and the AI tooling shift.

Respondents49,000+177 countries

Survey age15 yrsRunning since 2011

Median experience8 yrsAcross all respondents

AI tools adopted84%Up from 27% in 2022

Most-used languages

% of respondents who used this language in the past year. YoY = change vs. prior survey.

JavaScript

66%+3.7%

HTML/CSS

61.9%+9%

SQL

58.6%+7.1%

Python

57.9%+6.9%

Bash/Shell

48.7%+14.9%

TypeScript

43.6%+5.1%

Java

29.4%-0.9%

27.8%+0.7%

C++

23.5%+0%

Rust

14.8%+1.7%

Top frameworks & libraries

% of respondents who used it in the past year.

Node.js

48.7%Backend

React

44.7%Frontend

jQuery

23.4%Frontend

Next.js

20.8%Frontend

Express

19.9%Backend

ASP.NET Core

19.7%Backend

Angular

18.2%Frontend

Vue.js

17.6%Frontend

FastAPI

14.8%Backend

Spring Boot

14.7%Backend

Median salary by role

Global median annual compensation (USD) by developer role. Source: Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2025.

Senior Executive

$139,218

Engineering Manager

$130,000

Cloud Infra Engineer

$103,113

AI / ML Engineer

$89,427

DevOps Engineer

$87,011

Data Scientist

$82,910

Backend Developer

$79,742

Full-stack Developer

$72,509

Mobile Developer

$69,609

Frontend Developer

$62,015

Work environment

Fully remote

32.4%

Hybrid (flexible lean)

17.2%

Hybrid (in-person lean)

19.9%

Fully in-person

17.9%

Your choice

12.6%

Job satisfaction

Happy at Work

24.5%

Complacent

47.1%

Not Happy at Work

28.4%

AI tool adoption

% of developers reporting they use AI tools in their workflow.

2022

27%

2023

44%

2024

76%

2025

84%

Top AI tools used

ChatGPT

81.7%

GitHub Copilot

67.9%

Google Gemini

47.4%

Claude Code

40.8%

Microsoft Copilot

31.3%

Perplexity

16.2%

Median years of experience by role

Median professional coding experience for each developer role.

Engineering manager

14 yrs

Embedded developer

11 yrs

DevOps / SRE

9 yrs

Backend developer

8 yrs

Full-stack developer

7 yrs

Frontend developer

6 yrs

Data scientist

5 yrs

ML engineer

4 yrs

Data Sources

Stack Overflow Developer Survey

Annual survey of the global developer community covering languages, frameworks, tools, salaries, and developer experience. Publicly released each year under ODbL.

2025 results →Raw dataset →Methodology →

Stack Overflow Trends

Question view trends over time for tags, usable as a proxy for technology interest and adoption. Complements the survey's self-reported data.

Trends explorer →

Open Database License (ODbL)

The survey dataset is released under ODbL, allowing free use, sharing, and adaptation with attribution and share-alike requirements.

ODbL terms →