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AI Exposure by Job
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AI EXPOSURE
BY JOB
340 US occupations — ranked by AI exposure & median pay — BLS 2024 data — based on
karpathy/jobs
Low AI exposure (1–4)
Medium exposure (5–7)
High exposure (8–10)
Bar fill = relative median pay
Total jobs
143.0M
Weighted avg. exposure
4.9
Wages exposed
$3.7T
annual wages in high-exposure jobs (7+)
Breakdown by exposure
Minimal (0–1)
6.2M (4%)
Low (2–3)
47.2M (33%)
Moderate (4–5)
29.7M (21%)
High (6–7)
34.7M (24%)
Very High (8–10)
25.2M (18%)
Exposure by pay
<$35K
3.4
$35–60K
4.3
$60–75K
5.6
$75–100K
6.0
$100K+
6.7
Exposure by education
PostSec (Assoc)
4.1
Other
4.1
No degree/HS
4.3
Master's
5.7
Doctoral/Prof
5.7
Bachelor's
6.7
Exposure:
All
Safe (1–4)
Medium (5–7)
High risk (8–10)
Pay:
Any
< $50k
$50k–$100k
$100k–$150k
$150k+
Category:
All categories
Architecture & Engineering
Arts & Design
Building & Grounds Cleaning
Business & Financial
Community & Social Service
Computer & IT
Construction & Extraction
Education & Library
Entertainment & Sports
Farming, Fishing & Forestry
Food Preparation & Serving
Healthcare
Installation & Maintenance
Legal
Life & Social Science
Management
Math
Media & Communication
Office & Admin Support
Personal Care & Service
Production
Protective Service
Sales
Transportation & Moving
Sort:
By exposure
Pay ↓
Pay ↑
A–Z
← safer AI exposure score more exposed →
bar fill = median pay →
1
9 jobs
Athletes and sports competitors
$62k
Ironworkers
$62k
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers
$59k
Flooring installers and tile and stone setters
$52k
Roofers
$51k
Painters, construction and maintenance
$49k
Construction laborers and helpers
$46k
Grounds maintenance workers
$38k
Janitors and building cleaners
$36k
2
35 jobs
Dental hygienists
$94k
Electrical power-line installers and repairers
$93k
Boilermakers
$73k
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
$63k
Wind turbine technicians
$63k
Electricians
$62k
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers
$60k
Carpenters
$59k
Massage therapists
$58k
Masonry workers
$57k
Glaziers
$55k
Solar photovoltaic installers
$52k
Dancers and choreographers
$51k
Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers
$51k
Insulation workers
$51k
Automotive body and glass repairers
$51k
Logging workers
$50k
General maintenance and repair workers
$49k
Hazardous materials removal workers
$48k
Small engine mechanics
$48k
Pest control workers
$45k
Forest and conservation workers
$44k
Phlebotomists
$44k
Nursing assistants and orderlies
$39k
Butchers
$39k
Hand laborers and material movers
$38k
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers
$37k
Bakers
$37k
Barbers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists
$35k
Home health and personal care aides
$35k
Manicurists and pedicurists
$35k
Food preparation workers
$34k
Animal care and service workers
$34k
Bartenders
$34k
Childcare workers
$32k
3
47 jobs
Dentists
$179k
Elevator and escalator installers and repairers
$107k
Physical therapists
$101k
Occupational therapists
$98k
Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians
$79k
Chiropractors
$79k
Stationary engineers and boiler operators
$75k
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers
$71k
Flight attendants
$67k
Water transportation workers
$66k
Occupational therapy assistants and aides
$66k
Telecommunications technicians
$64k
Industrial machinery mechanics, machinery maintenance workers, and millwrights
$64k
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians
$63k
Medical equipment repairers
$63k
Surgical assistants and technologists
$62k
Chefs and head cooks
$61k
Sheet metal workers
$61k
Diesel service technicians and mechanics
$61k
Recreational therapists
$60k
Athletic trainers
$60k
Physical therapist assistants and aides
$60k
Firefighters
$60k
Funeral service workers
$59k
Construction equipment operators
$58k
Correctional officers and bailiffs
$58k
Postal service workers
$58k
Oil and gas workers
$53k
Community health workers
$51k
Automotive service technicians and mechanics
$50k
Painting and coating workers
$47k
Dental assistants
$47k
EMTs and paramedics
$46k
Fitness trainers and instructors
$46k
Woodworkers
$44k
Assemblers and fabricators
$44k
Delivery truck drivers and driver/sales workers
$43k
Psychiatric technicians and aides
$42k
Skincare specialists
$42k
Food processing equipment workers
$40k
Preschool teachers
$37k
Floral designers
$36k
Agricultural workers
$36k
Cooks
$36k
Recreation workers
$35k
Waiters and waitresses
$34k
Food and beverage serving and related workers
$31k
4
41 jobs
Podiatrists
$153k
Optometrists
$135k
Veterinarians
$126k
Radiation therapists
$102k
Nuclear medicine technologists
$97k
Registered nurses
$94k
Audiologists
$92k
Musicians and singers
$88k
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers
$88k
Respiratory therapists
$80k
Radiologic and MRI technologists
$79k
Orthotists and prosthetists
$78k
Police and detectives
$77k
Railroad workers
$76k
Fire inspectors
$75k
Electro-mechanical and mechatronics technologists and technicians
$71k
Conservation scientists and foresters
$69k
Cardiovascular technologists and technicians
$67k
Food service managers
$65k
Calibration technologists and technicians
$65k
Career and technical education teachers
$63k
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses
$62k
Social workers
$61k
Exercise physiologists
$58k
Machinists and tool and die makers
$58k
Semiconductor processing technicians
$51k
Environmental science and protection technicians
$49k
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers
$49k
Agricultural and food science technicians
$48k
Bus drivers
$48k
Metal and plastic machine workers
$47k
Material moving machine operators
$47k
Opticians
$47k
Veterinary technologists and technicians
$46k
Coaches and scouts
$46k
Medical assistants
$44k
Pharmacy technicians
$43k
Tour and travel guides
$37k
Gambling services workers
$36k
Teacher assistants
$35k
Retail sales workers
$35k
5
43 jobs
Physicians and surgeons
$239k
Airline and commercial pilots
$198k
Pharmacists
$137k
Physician assistants
$133k
Nurse anesthetists, nurse midwives, and nurse practitioners
$132k
Health and safety engineers
$110k
Construction managers
$107k
Administrative services and facilities managers
$107k
Nuclear technicians
$104k
Geoscientists
$99k
Speech-language pathologists
$95k
Diagnostic medical sonographers
$89k
Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians
$80k
Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians
$79k
Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians
$77k
Entertainment and recreation managers
$77k
Zoologists and wildlife biologists
$73k
Surveyors
$73k
Construction and building inspectors
$72k
Mechanical engineering technologists and technicians
$69k
Lodging managers
$68k
Forensic science technicians
$67k
Anthropologists and archeologists
$65k
Special education teachers
$64k
Marriage and family therapists
$64k
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
$62k
Substance abuse, behavioral disorder, and mental health counselors
$59k
Environmental engineering technologists and technicians
$59k
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators
$58k
Chemical technicians
$58k
Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers
$57k
Preschool and childcare center directors
$56k
Biological technicians
$52k
Surveying and mapping technicians
$52k
Geological and hydrologic technicians
$51k
Quality control inspectors
$47k
Rehabilitation counselors
$46k
Dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians
$46k
Social and human service assistants
$45k
Umpires, referees, and other sports officials
$39k
Security guards and gambling surveillance officers
$38k
Concierges
$37k
Taxi drivers, shuttle drivers, and chauffeurs
$37k
6
35 jobs
Petroleum engineers
$141k
Chemical engineers
$122k
Industrial production managers
$121k
Medical and health services managers
$118k
Top executives
$105k
Environmental engineers
$104k
Elementary, middle, and high school principals
$104k
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers
$104k
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers
$102k
Mining and geological engineers
$101k
Civil engineers
$100k
Genetic counselors
$99k
Psychologists
$94k
Hydrologists
$92k
Microbiologists
$87k
Emergency management directors
$86k
Agricultural engineers
$85k
Environmental scientists and specialists
$80k
Agricultural and food scientists
$79k
Social and community service managers
$78k
Dietitians and nutritionists
$74k
Property, real estate, and community association managers
$67k
School and career counselors and advisors
$65k
Industrial engineering technologists and technicians
$65k
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists
$65k
Civil engineering technologists and technicians
$64k
Health education specialists
$63k
Middle school teachers
$63k
Kindergarten and elementary school teachers
$62k
Meeting, convention, and event planners
$59k
Real estate brokers and sales agents
$59k
Archivists, curators, and museum workers
$57k
Broadcast, sound, and video technicians
$57k
Craft and fine artists
$56k
Private detectives and investigators
$52k
7
70 jobs
Computer and information systems managers
$171k
Architectural and engineering managers
$168k
Physicists and astronomers
$166k
Financial managers
$162k
Natural sciences managers
$161k
Air traffic controllers
$145k
Compensation and benefits managers
$140k
Human resources managers
$140k
Sales managers
$138k
Judges and hearing officers
$135k
Aerospace engineers
$135k
Public relations and fundraising managers
$133k
Nuclear engineers
$128k
Training and development managers
$127k
Sales engineers
$122k
Electrical and electronics engineers
$119k
Materials engineers
$108k
Bioengineers and biomedical engineers
$107k
Marine engineers and naval architects
$106k
Postsecondary education administrators
$104k
Biochemists and biophysicists
$104k
Mechanical engineers
$102k
Personal financial advisors
$102k
Sociologists
$102k
Management analysts
$101k
Industrial engineers
$101k
Project management specialists
$101k
Medical scientists
$101k
Architects
$97k
Labor relations specialists
$94k
Chemists and materials scientists
$87k
Epidemiologists
$84k
Postsecondary teachers
$84k
Urban and regional planners
$84k
Producers and directors
$83k
Logisticians
$81k
Fashion designers
$81k
Purchasing managers, buyers, and purchasing agents
$80k
Landscape architects
$80k
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators
$77k
Instructional coordinators
$75k
Wholesale and manufacturing sales representatives
$74k
Historians
$74k
Human resources specialists
$73k
Film and video editors and camera operators
$71k
Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators
$68k
Fundraisers
$66k
Set and exhibit designers
$66k
Training and development specialists
$66k
Property appraisers and assessors
$65k
High school teachers
$65k
Librarians and library media specialists
$64k
Music directors and composers
$64k
Interior designers
$63k
Advertising sales agents
$61k
Insurance sales agents
$60k
News analysts, reporters, and journalists
$60k
Adult basic and secondary education and ESL teachers
$60k
Public safety telecommunicators
$51k
Credit counselors
$50k
Actors
$49k
Material recording clerks
$46k
Announcers and DJs
$45k
Information clerks
$44k
Photographers
$43k
Tutors
$40k
Tellers
$39k
Library technicians and assistants
$38k
Receptionists
$37k
Cashiers
$31k
8
29 jobs
Advertising, promotions, and marketing managers
$160k
Computer hardware engineers
$155k
Lawyers
$151k
Political scientists
$139k
Medical dosimetrists
$138k
Computer network architects
$130k
Actuaries
$126k
Information security analysts
$125k
Art directors
$111k
Computer systems analysts
$104k
Atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists
$97k
Geographers
$97k
Network and computer systems administrators
$97k
Financial examiners
$90k
Models
$90k
Budget analysts
$88k
Accountants and auditors
$82k
Industrial designers
$79k
Compliance officers
$78k
Cartographers and photogrammetrists
$78k
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents
$78k
Cost estimators
$77k
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists
$77k
Loan officers
$74k
Public relations specialists
$70k
Health information technologists and medical registrars
$67k
Computer support specialists
$62k
Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents
$60k
Secretaries and administrative assistants
$47k
9
30 jobs
Computer and information research scientists
$141k
Software developers, quality assurance analysts, and testers
$131k
Database administrators and architects
$123k
Economists
$115k
Data scientists
$113k
Mathematicians and statisticians
$104k
Financial analysts
$102k
Special effects artists and animators
$100k
Computer programmers
$99k
Web developers and digital designers
$95k
Technical writers
$92k
Operations research analysts
$91k
Insurance underwriters
$80k
Market research analysts
$77k
Editors
$75k
Writers and authors
$72k
Court reporters and simultaneous captioners
$67k
Drafters
$65k
Survey researchers
$63k
Graphic designers
$61k
Paralegals and legal assistants
$61k
Interpreters and translators
$59k
Desktop publishers
$54k
Medical records specialists
$50k
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks
$49k
Financial clerks
$49k
Travel agents
$48k
Bill and account collectors
$46k
General office clerks
$44k
Customer service representatives
$43k
10
1 jobs
Medical transcriptionists
$38k
340
Occupations shown
$75k
Avg median pay
5.3
Avg AI exposure
91
Very safe jobs (≤3)
Physicians and surgeons
Highest earner in view · $239,200/yr